![]() This was indeed the culmination of a long period of preparation: As early as May 17, 1969, Marcos hinted the declaration of Martial Law, when he addressed the Philippine Military Academy Alumni Association: Embassy in Manila knew as early as Septemabout Marcos’ plan. In his own diary, Marcos wrote on Septemthat he informed the military that he would proceed with proclaiming Martial Law. ![]() ![]() Marcos was going to use a series of bombings in Metro Manila, including the 1971 Plaza Miranda bombing, as a justification for his takeover and subsequent authoritarian rule. Aquino Jr., during a Septemprivilege speech, exposed what was known as “Oplan Sagittarius.” The Senator said he had received a top-secret military plan given by Marcos himself to place Metro Manila and outlying areas under the control of the Philippine Constabulary as a prelude to Martial Law. A week before the actual declaration of Martial Law, a number of people had already received information that Marcos had drawn up a plan to completely take over the government and gain absolute rule. The culmination of a long period of preparation The propaganda effort was so successful that up to the present, many Filipinos-particularly those who did not live through the events of September 23, 1972-labor under the misapprehension that martial law was proclaimed on September 21, 1972. 1973 to memorialize the date as the foundation day of his New Society. Throughout the Martial Law period, Marcos built up the cult of September 21, proclaiming it as National Thanksgiving Day by virtue of Proclamation No. Some sources say that Marcos signed the proclamation on September 17 or on September 22-but, in either case, the document itself was dated September 21. 1081 on September 21, 1972, placing the Philippines under Martial Law. The Daily Express was the only newspaper allowed to circulate upon the declaration of Martial Law ![]() Military personnel cannot be used in surveillance or undercover operations, and they may not be used as informants, investigators, or interrogators unless the investigation is a joint military-civilian operation in which the military has an interest in the case's outcome.The anniversary of the declaration of martial law is on September 23 (not September 21) “FM Declares Martial Law”-the headline of the Septemissue of the Sunday Express, which was the Sunday edition of Philippines Daily Express. Although a climate of mutual aid has always existed between the military and civilian law enforcement and should continue to exist, Department of Defense personnel are limited in what they can do to enforce civil law. Martial law has been declared nine times since World War II and, in five instances, was designed to counter resistance to Federal desegregation decrees in the South. Nonetheless, within the bounds of court decisions, a military commander's authority under martial law is virtually unlimited. The power of martial law, once held to be nearly absolute, has limitations for example, civilians may not be tried by military tribunals as long as civilian courts are functional. Constitution makes no specific provision for the imposition of martial law, nearly every State has a constitutional provision authorizing the government to impose martial law. In the United States, martial law may be declared by proclamation of the President or a State governor, but such a formal proclamation is not necessary. Further, martial law suspends all existing laws, as well as civil authority and the ordinary administration of justice. Martial law is justified when civilian authority has ceased to function, is completely absent, or has become ineffective. When martial law is in effect, the military commander of an area or country has unlimited authority to make and enforce laws.
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